If you have ever read through the New Testament, you might have wondered exactly who Paul was addressing in his letter to the Romans. Let’s get right to the heart of this question and see what the Bible and history reveal.

Paul’s Intended Audience in Romans

Unlike some New Testament letters, Romans clearly identifies its intended recipients. In the opening verses, Paul writes directly to those “in Rome”:

“To all in Rome who are loved by God and called to be his holy people.”
(Romans 1:7)

Romans 1:7

Romans 1:7 Read more Tell me about Romans 1:7

So, Paul was writing to the Christians living in Rome. But who were these early believers?

Who Were the Christians in Rome?

First-century Rome was a huge, multicultural city. When Paul wrote his letter (around AD 57), the church there was a mix of:

• Jewish believers – Many Jews had returned to Rome after the Emperor Claudius was no longer in power, following his expulsion of Jews around AD 49.
• Gentile believers – Non-Jews who had come to faith in Jesus, likely through evangelism from visitors or residents who had heard the gospel elsewhere.

This mix led to tensions. Paul’s letter addresses both groups, helping them understand salvation, unity, and life in Christ together as one family.

Evidence from the Letter Itself

Throughout Romans, Paul speaks to issues unique to both audiences. For example:

• He references Abraham and Jewish law, showing a respect for Jewish tradition.
• He directly challenges Gentile pride by reminding them they are grafted into God’s family.

Consider these verses:

“There will be trouble and distress for every human being who does evil: first for the Jew, then for the Gentile.”
(Romans 2:9)

Romans 2:9

Romans 2:9 Read more Tell me about Romans 2:9

“I am talking to you Gentiles. Inasmuch as I am the apostle to the Gentiles, I take pride in my ministry.”
(Romans 11:13)

Romans 11:13

Romans 11:13 Read more Tell me about Romans 11:13

So, Paul is intentionally writing to both Jewish and Gentile believers in Rome.

Why Did Paul Write to the Romans?

Paul had not yet visited Rome. He wanted to encourage the Christians there, clarify key truths about the gospel, and prepare them for his hoped-for visit (and future mission to Spain!). Paul’s message is both personal and deeply theological.

Summary: The Recipients of Romans

• Paul’s letter is addressed to the group of Christians living in Rome.
• This group included both Jewish and Gentile believers, each facing unique challenges.
• Paul’s goal was to help them understand the gospel, their unity, and their identity in Christ.

Understanding who Romans was written to helps us see why its message still resonates. The church today has the same call to welcome all people, find unity in Jesus, and live out God’s love together.